Currently available guidance for Ebola virus disease and shipping

Ebola virus disease and shipping

·        WHO, Statement on the 8th meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee regarding the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, December 2015
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2015/ihr-ebola-8th-meeting/en/

·        WHO, Travel and transport risk assessment: Interim guidance for public health authorities and the transport sector. September 2014
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/132168/1/WHO_EVD_Guidance_TravelTransportRisk_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

·        WHO Statement on travel and transport in relation to Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-travel-trasport/en/

·        WHO, Ebola event management at points of entry. Interim guidance:
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/event-management-poe/en/

·        WHO, Ebola response roadmap:
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/response-roadmap/en

·        WHO, Infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance summary. Ebola guidance package:
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/evd-guidance-summary/en/

·        WHO, Ebola surveillance in countries with no reported cases of Ebola virus disease:
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/WHO0905_early_actions_surveillance.pdf

·        WHO, Infographics: Travel to and from Ebola-affected countries:
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/travel-advice/ebola-infographic-ships.pdf?ua=1

·        WHO, Consolidated Ebola virus disease preparedness checklist, October 2014:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137096/1/WHO_EVD_Preparedness_14_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

·        WHO Interim Guidance for Ebola Virus Disease Exit Screening at Airports, Ports and Land Crossings, November 2014:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/139691/1/WHO_EVD_Guidance_PoE_14.2_eng.pdf?ua=1

·        WHO, Personal Protective Equipment in the context of Filovirus disease outbreak response:
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/ppe-guideline/en/

·        WHO, Entry screening for Ebola at airports, ports and land crossings: Technical note for preparedness planning, December 2014:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/144819/1/WHO_EVD_Guidance_PoE_14.3_eng.pdf?ua=1

·        EU, Council conclusions on Lessons learned for Public Health from the Ebola outbreak in West Africa — Health Security in the European Union. December 2015
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015XG1217%2802%29

·        ECDC, Rapid Risk Assessment: Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 13th update, October 2015
http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/_layouts/forms/Publication_DispForm.aspx?List=4f55ad51-4aed-4d32-b960-af70113dbb90&ID=1385

·        ECDC, Ebola virus disease: Information to travellers
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/ebola_marburg_fevers/information-travellers/Pages/information-travellers.aspx

·        IMO, IMO joins international Ebola travel and transport task force
http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/27-ebolataskforce.aspx#.VAhugRZ7QwT

·        IMO, Ebola Virus Disease, Circular Letter No.3484, 2 September 2014 
http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/HotTopics/ebola/Documents/3484%20.pdf

·        IMO, Full and effective implementation of maritime security measures to assist in preventing the spread of the Ebola virus disease Circular Letter No.3485 10 September 2014 
http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/HotTopics/ebola/Documents/3485.pdf

·        ECDC, Technical report Entry and exit screening measures http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&ID=1082

·        ECDC, Infection prevention and control measures for Ebola virus disease: Public health management of healthcare workers returning from Ebola affected areas, November 2014
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/management-healthcare-workers-returning-Ebola-affected-areas.pdf

·        ECDC, Critical aspects of the safe use of personal protective equipment
http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/safe-use-of-ppe.pdf

·        CDC, Interim Guidance for Cargo Ships: Monitoring Exposed Crew and Managing Suspected Cases of Ebola Onboard
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/maritime/cargo.html

·        CDC, Interim Guidance for Cruise Ships: Managing a Suspected Case of Ebola Onboard
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/maritime/cruise-ships.html

 For news and regular updates

·        WHO http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/

·        ECDC http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/ebola_marburg_fevers/Pages/news.aspx

·       DGSANCO, Statement on the Ebola outbreak in West Africa http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/index_en.htm

·       DG SANCO, Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Western Africa
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ebola/

·       IMO http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/HotTopics/ebola/Pages/default.aspx

·       United Nations, Global Ebola Response http://www.un.org/ebolaresponse/index.shtml#&panel1-1

Other relevant information   

·        WHO Director-General, Dr Margaret Chan and west African presidents’ speech to launch intensified Ebola outbreak response plan on Ebola Situation (1st August 2014): www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/ebola-outbreak-response-plan/en/

·        WHO List of Members of, and Advisers to, the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding Ebola http://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/emerg_comm_members_20140806/en/

·        ECDC. Risk assessment guidelines for diseases transmitted on aircraft PART 2: Operational guidelines for assisting in the evaluation of risk for transmission by disease http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/1012_gui_ragida_2.pdf

·        International Civil Aviation Organization and World Health Organization Collaboration: http://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/ICAO-and-World-Health-Organization-collaboration-on-Ebola-outbreak.aspx

·        ICS, ΙMEC, ITF. Global Shipping Bodies Issue Ebola Virus Advice. http://www.ics-shipping.org/news/press-releases/2014/08/04/global-shipping-bodies-issue-ebola-virus-advice

 

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International legislation

• International Health Regulations 2005
  

International conventions

• International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
• International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments
• MARPOL 73/78. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) as amended
• International Labour Standards. MLC Maritime Labour Convention, 2006
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982
  

World Health Organization Guidelines

• WHO Guide to Ship Sanitation
• World Health Organisation, Coordinated public health surveillance between points of entry and national health surveillance systems - Advising principles. 2014
• WHO Handbook for inspection of ships and issuance of ship sanitation certificates
• WHO Handbook for Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports and ground crossings (2016)
• WHO Handbook for management of public health events on board ships (2016)
• WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first addendum Volume 1 - Recommendations
• WHO Guidelines for safe recreational waters Volume 2 - Swimming pools and similar recreational-water environments
• WHO Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis
• WHO Compendium of outbreaks of food borne and waterborne disease and Legionnaires' disease associated with ships, 1970-2000
• WHO International travel and health 2014 
• WHO Water safety plan manual (WSP manual) - Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers 
• WHO International Medical Guide for Ships. Third Edition
• WHO Guide for public health emergency contingency planning at designated points of entry 
• WHO Assessment tool for core capacity requirements at designated airports, ports and ground crossings 
• WHO Interim technical advice for case management of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on ships 
• WHO guidance for the use of Annex 2 of the International Health Regulations (2005). Decision instrument for the assessment and notification of events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern
• WHO Case definitions for the four diseases requiring notification to WHO in all circumstances under the IHR (2005)
• WHO Checklist and indicators for monitoring progress in the development of IHR core capacities in States Parties
• Guide for acceleration of IHR implementation in States Parties Enhanced Desk Review of National IHR Core Capacities, Action Plan Development, and Stakeholder Mobilization
• WHO Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza (2013)
  

Other guidelines on Ship Sanitation and Communicable Diseases Control
Guidelines on Gastrointestinal diseases

• ECDC Meeting Report. Consultation on Norovirus prevention and control. Stockholm, 12 September 2006 (ECDC, 2006)
• Health Protection Agency. Guidelines for the management of Norovirus infection in cruise ships. July 2007
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Management of Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak on Cruise Ships - OPRP Guidelines
• EU SHIPSAN – European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Diseases Surveillance on Passenger Ships – Guideline II – Prevention and Control of Gastroenteritis on passenger ships 
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Prevention of norovirus infection in schools and childcare facilities. Stockholm: ECDC; 2013

Guidelines on Respiratory diseases

Legionnaires’ disease

• European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease and the European Working Group for Legionella Infections. European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease. London. 2005
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Final recommendation to minimize transmission of Legionnaires’ disease from Whirlpool Spas on cruise ship. Atlanta, Georgia. CDC, 1997 (CDC, 1997)
• European Working Group for Legionella Infections. EWGLI Technical Guidelines for the Investigation, Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease. 2011
• EU SHIPSAN – European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Diseases Surveillance on Passenger Ships – Guideline III – Prevention and Control of Legionellosis on passenger ships 

Influenza

• Preliminary Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Influenza-Like Illness Among Passengers and Crew Members on Cruise Ships, August 1999
• CDC Guidance for Cruise Ships on the Management of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) - UPDATED
• Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children—Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management
• EU SHIPSAN – European Manual for Hygiene Standards and Communicable Diseases Surveillance on Passenger Ships – Guideline I – Prevention and Control of Influenza-like Illness on passenger ships 

SARS

• CDC, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Guidance for Travel
• Public Health Agency of Canada. Interim Protocol prevention and management of suspect or probable cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on cruise ships (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2003).
• IMO, 2003, GUIDELINES ON THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE
  RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
  

Guidelines on Potable water

• Health Protection Agency. Guidelines for Water Quality On Board Merchant Ships Including Passengers Vessels. Health Protection Agency. 2003.

Guidelines on spa pools

• Health Protection Agency. Management of Spa Pools - Controlling the Risks of Infection. Health Protection Agency. 2006.

Sanitation programmes

US CDC Vessel Sanitation Program

• Description of the Program
• VSP Operations Manual

Health Canada Cruise Ship Inspection Program

• Health Canada Cruise Ship Inspection Program

New South Wales Public health surveillance and response in the Port of Sydney

• New South Wales Public health surveillance and response in the Port of Sydney

ANVISA: Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency

• Description of the Program

Scientific Literature

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• Vivancos,R., Keenan,A., Sopwith,W., Smith,K., Quigley,C., Mutton,K., Dardamissis,E., Nichols,G., Harris,J., Gallimore,C., Verhoef,L., Syed,Q., and Reid,J. (2010) Norovirus outbreak in a cruise ship sailing around the British Isles: investigation and multi-agency management of an international outbreak. Journal of Infection 60 (6), 478-485.
• Vogler,A.J., Chan,F., Nottingham,R., Andersen,G., Drees,K., Beckstrom-Sternberg,S.M., Wagner,D.M., Chanteau,S., and Keim,P. (2013) A decade of plague in Mahajanga, Madagascar: insights into the global maritime spread of pandemic plague. MBio. 4 (1), e00623-12.
• Ward,K.A., Armstrong,P., McAnulty,J.M., Iwasenko,J.M., and Dwyer,D.E. (2010) Outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A (H3N2) on cruise ship. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 16 (11), 1731-1737.
• Westlund,K. (2011) Infections onboard ship--analysis of 1290 advice calls to the Radio Medical (RM) doctor in Sweden. Results from 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2009. Int.Marit.Health 62 (3), 191-195.
• Whittaker,D.R., Callan,J.E., Campbell,J.T., and McCarten,M.D. (2004) Viral gastroenteritis: The USS THEODORE ROOSEVELT experience. Military Medicine 169 (9), 747-750.
• WHO. Sanitation on ships: compendium of outbreaks of foodborne and waterborne disease and Legionnaires's disease associated with ships, 1970-2000. WHO . 26-10-2004. Ref Type: Electronic Citation
• Widdowson MA, Cramer EH, Hadley L, Bresee JS, Beard RS, Bulens SN, Charles M, Chege W, Isakbaeva E, Wright JG, Mintz E, Forney D, Massey J, Glass RI, and Monroe SS. (2004) Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis on Cruise Ships and on Land: Identification of a Predominant Circulating Strain of Norovirus—United States, 2002. Journal of Infectious Diseases; 190:27–36
  
• Wikswo,M.E., Cortes,J., Hall,A.J., Vaughan,G., Howard,C., Gregoricus,N., and Cramer,E.H. (2011) Disease transmission and passenger behaviors during a high morbidity Norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship, January 2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases 52 (9), 1116-1122.
• Ziebold,C., Hassenpflug,B., Wegner-Brose,H., Wegner,K., and Schmitt,H.J. (2003) An outbreak of rubella aboard a ship of the German Navy. Infection 31 (3), 136-142.

Chemical Incidents on ships

• Ago,M., Ago,K., and Ogata,M. (2008) Two fatalities by hydrogen sulfide poisoning: variation of pathological and toxicological findings. Leg.Med.(Tokyo) 10 (3), 148-152.
• Australian Transport Safety Bureau. (2007) Independent investigation into the leakage of dangerous goods on board the Liberian registered container ship Kota Pahlawan off the coast of Australia on 16 June 2006. Report number 228. ISBN 978-1-921165-36-8
• Avis,S.P. and Hutton,C.J. (1993) Acute benzene poisoning: a report of three fatalities. J.Forensic Sci. 38 (3), 599-602.
• Barbera,N., Bulla,G., and Romano,G. (1998) A fatal case of benzene poisoning. J.Forensic Sci. 43 (6), 1250-1251.
• Breeman,W. (2009) Methylbromide intoxication: a clinical case study. Adv.Emerg.Nurs.J. 31 (2), 153-160.
• Budnik,L.T., Wegner,R., Rogall,U., and Baur,X. (2014) Accidental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in waste cargo after heavy seas. Global waste transport as a source of PCB exposure. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 87 (2), 125-135.
• Glass,R.I., Ford,R., Allegra,D.T., and Markel,H.L. (1980) Deaths from asphyxia among fisherman. JAMA.
• Häkkinen J and Posti A. (2014) Review of Maritime Accidents Involving Chemicals – Special Focus on the Baltic Sea. The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 8 (2), 295-305.
  
• Hansen,H.L. and Pedersen,G. (2001) Poisoning at sea: injuries caused by chemicals aboard Danish merchant ships 1988-1996. J.Toxicol.Clin.Toxicol. 39 (1), 21-26.
• Hsu,L.F., Lee,H.S., Chia,S.E., and Lam,K.N. (1999) Acute mercury vapour poisoning in a shipyard worker--a case report. Ann.Acad.Med.Singapore 28 (2), 294-298.
• J.M.Hδkkinen & A.I.Posti (2013) Overview of Maritime Accidents Involving Chemicals Worldwide and in the Baltic Sea . In: Adam Weintrit and ,T.N. (eds), CRC Press.
• Jani Hδkkinen and Antti Posti. Review of maritime and port-related HNS accidents . IAME 2013 Conference . 13-7-2013. Review of maritime and port-related HNS accidents . Ref Type: Conference Proceeding
• Janjua,N.Z., Kasi,P.M., Nawaz,H., Farooqui,S.Z., Khuwaja,U.B., Najam,u.H., Jafri,S.N., Lutfi,S.A., Kadir,M.M., and Sathiakumar,N. (2006) Acute health effects of the Tasman Spirit oil spill on residents of Karachi, Pakistan. Bmc Public Health 6.
• Kizu,R., Ando,K., and Hayakawa,K. (1998) Oil spill accident in the Sea of Japan. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 44 (5), 321-333.
• Koreeda,A., Yonemitsu,K., Mimasaka,S., Ohtsu,Y., and Tsunenari,S. (2007) An accidental death due to Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) inhalation in a fishing vessel. Forensic Sci.Int. 168 (2-3), 208-211.
• Luhtala H. Maritime transport of chemicals in the Baltic Sea. 1-1-2010. Centre for maritime studies University of Turku. Ref Type: Report
• Madiedo JA. (1988) Experiences and findings in connection with the casualty involving the ship Cason. Chemical Spills and Emergency Management at Sea, 305-313. http://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-0887-1_26#page-1
  
• Mamaca E, Girin M, Le Floch S, and El Zir R. Reviews of chemical spills at sea and lessons learnt. A technical appendix to the INTERSPILL 2009 Conference White Paper “Are HNS spills more dangerous than oil spills?” compiled by Cedre from Bonn Agreement and Helcom reports and other miscellaneous sources. http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00210/32092/30515.pdf
  
• Meyer,G., Neubauer,B., and Schepers,B.F. (2007) Contamination of tap water on an ocean-going vessel. Int.J.Environ.Health Res. 17 (2), 157-159.
• Nogué S, Sanz Gallén P, Amigó de Bonet Sans N, Román Casanova P, Bellot García P, and Escursell Mañosa A (2002) Irreversible anoxic encephalopathy due to nitrogen in a worker cleaning a tank that had contained tetrachloroethylene in the port of Barcelona (Spain). Medicina Marítima. 2 (5).
  
• Noguι S. (2001) Encefalopatνa anσxica irreversible por sulfuro de hidrσgeno, en un transportista de residuos industriales en el puerto de Barcelona. Medicina Marνtima.
• Reistad,O., Hustveit,S., and Roudak,S. (2008) Operational and accident survey of Russian nuclear submarines for risk assessments using statistical models for reliability growth. Annals of Nuclear Energy.
• Roach,R.R. and Busch,S. (2004) Mercury exposure aboard an ore boat. Environ.Health Perspect. 112 (8), 910-913.
• Sharma,R.K., Chawla,R., and Kumar,S. (2010) Chlorine leak on Mumbai Port Trust's Sewri yard: A case study. J.Pharm.Bioallied.Sci. 2 (3), 161-165.
• Silvers,S.M. and Hampson,N.B. (1995) Carbon monoxide poisoning among recreational boaters. JAMA 274 (20), 1614-1616.
• Thomsen,A.B., Eriksen,J., and Smidt-Nielsen,K. (1998) Chronic neuropathic symptoms after exposure to mustard gas: a long-term investigation. J.Am.Acad.Dermatol. 39 (2 Pt 1), 187-190.
• Welch,F., Murray,V.S., Robins,A.G., Derwent,R.G., Ryall,D.B., Williams,M.L., and Elliott,A.J. (1999) Analysis of a petrol plume over England: 18-19 January 1997. Occup.Environ.Med. 56 (10), 649-656.

Radiological Incidents on ships

• Bellona Fundation NGO. Nuclear accidents. Bellona Fundation NGO . 1-1-2013. Ref Type: Electronic Citation
• Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN) de Espaρa. Un suceso de nivel 2 en la Escala INES por la detecciσn de una fuente huιrfana de Cs-137 en una acerνa en Espaρa. 9-5-2013. Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN) de Espaρa. Ref Type: Case
• J.M.Hδkkinen & A.I.Posti (2013) Overview of Maritime Accidents Involving Chemicals Worldwide and in the Baltic Sea . In: Adam Weintrit and ,T.N. (eds), CRC Press.
• Olgaard PL. Accidents in Nuclear Ships. Riso National Laboratory. 1-12-1996. Denmark. Ref Type: Report
• Reistad,O., Hustveit,S., and Roudak,S. (2008) Operational and accident survey of Russian nuclear submarines for risk assessments using statistical models for reliability growth. Annals of Nuclear Energy.
• Yablokov,A.V. (2001) Radioactive waste disposal in seas adjacent to the territory of the Russian Federation. Mar.Pollut.Bull. 43 (1-6), 8-18.